
The Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity

Regular exercise makes your heart stronger and more efficient at pumping blood. This helps lower resting heart rate and blood pressure, reducing strain on your heart. It also improves the health of your blood vessels, preventing the buildup of plaque that can lead to heart attacks or strokes. Activities like walking, running, swimming, or cycling boost HDL (“good” cholesterol) and lower LDL (“bad” cholesterol), improving overall heart function.
When you exercise, your brain releases chemicals called endorphins and neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine. These naturally lift your mood and help reduce feelings of stress, anxiety, and depression. Exercise also improves sleep quality, which is critical for mental well-being. Over time, regular physical activity can increase brain plasticity — the brain’s ability to adapt and grow — which helps with learning and memory.
Working out regularly helps build and maintain muscle mass, which naturally declines with age. Strength training exercises increase muscle fiber size and strength, making everyday tasks easier and reducing the risk of injury. Exercise also improves joint flexibility and range of motion, which can prevent stiffness and conditions like arthritis. Stretching and activities like yoga improve balance and coordination, lowering fall risk especially in older adults.
Exercise burns calories and increases your basal metabolic rate (the number of calories your body uses at rest). This helps create a calorie deficit necessary for weight loss. It also helps maintain lean muscle mass, which is important because muscle tissue burns more calories than fat tissue. Beyond weight loss, regular exercise can help keep the weight off long-term and improve body composition by reducing fat percentage.
Moderate exercise has been shown to boost the immune system by promoting good circulation. This allows immune cells and substances to move through the body more efficiently, helping detect and fight off pathogens early. Regular physical activity can reduce inflammation and improve the body’s defense mechanisms. However, it’s important to balance exercise intensity, as very intense or prolonged exercise without rest might temporarily suppress immu